Case studies
Die hier vorgestellten Case Studies gewähren Einblicke in Projekte der AURICON.01
TRANSACTIONS
Purchase price allocation in the context of a cross-border JV formation in the automotive supplier industry
A purchase price allocation (PPA) must be performed as part of the initial consolidation of an acquired company or of mergers in accordance with international accounting standards (HGB, IFRS, U.S. GAAP). As a result, all reportable assets and liabilities, regardless of how they were audited previously, must first be identified and measured at the fair market value. The difference between the purchase price and the revalued equity is then determined and capitalized in the balance sheet as goodwill or recognized as a liability as the difference arising from capital consolidation. By identifying a surplus of hidden reserves, our client was able to recognize the negative difference as a liability and thus strengthen the firm’s equity base:
- A joint venture involving a German and Chinese automotive supplier was set up by means of a share swap, aiming to be in the top two in the world market
- Our client is the German parent company which is asking for a proportional consolidation of acquired joint venture (JV) shares
- During the course of the share swap negotiations, an additional purchase price payment from the Chinese partner for the shares to be exchanged by the German supplier was agreed upon
- Language and cultural barriers
- The PPA is performed with a time lag to the share swap. The valuation must differentiate between positive value and value-adjusting options made since the valuation date
- Negative market developments lead to significant differences between planned and actual values
- Inconsistent data collection methods lead to low comparability, making it difficult to evaluate data sets properly
- Adjustment of the budgeted figures to reflect changes in value
- In purely accounting terms, the revaluation of the shares received exceeds the book values of the shares sold, less the purchase price payment
- The disclosure of a surplus of hidden reserves leads to a negative difference and thus to a strengthening of equity for our client.
International post-merger integration (PMI) in the context of a joint venture formation
Shareholders and managers have high expectations whenever a merger or company acquisition takes place. An important key to success here is early and consistent management of post-merger integration (PMI). The basis for generating sustainable value is already laid in the early integration phase with systematic integration management being of paramount importance in exploiting synergy potential. In this context, the realization of planned synergies should occur as soon as possible, although the complex nature of the integration process is often underestimated. A poorly defined integration strategy and planning can make it difficult to catch up in terms of implementation, particularly after closing (day 1).
- Formation of an international joint venture by two automotive suppliers with manufacturing facilities in China and Germany and a sales location in North America
- The strategic goal of the JV is to become one of the world's leading players in the relevant business field
- No integration strategy was defined during the deal phase, and no 100-day programme for the start of the operational integration was agreed between signing and closing
- High level involvement by top management in day-to-day operations and inter-cultural barriers between the units made it difficult to achieve identified potential synergy in a targeted way
- Negative market developments and inadequate planning lead to significant discrepancies between planned and actual figures and increase the pressure on the JV and the successful implementation of PMI to realize the synergies
- A conceptual design of an integration/efficiency programme through workshops and interviews with shareholders, managing directors and initial management involving operational teams as required
- Definition of workstreams including measures to realize particular efficiency synergy potential as well as a statement of their effects on current and future business planning
- Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) to ensure an effective and targeted realization of the integration/efficiency programme as well as on-going and transparent tracking of the implementation status of the measures taken
- Managing and supporting the operational teams in the successful implementation of the integration/efficiency programme
Financial and Red Flag Tax Due Diligence in the context of the acquisition of a majority stake in a multi-channel provider in the sanitary trade by a middle-market oriented private equity investor
During acquisitions, a purchaser usually arranges for financial and tax due diligence to be carried out to inform decisions to be made by corporate executives and committees. The target company’s financial and tax situation is carefully analysed based on the information provided. The key task for due diligence is to make a detailed appraisal of the company’s strengths and weaknesses to identify potential deal breakers at an early stage and to determine important implications for purchase price negotiations or for the drafting of the purchase agreement.
- A mid-market oriented private equity firm is considering purchasing a majority stake in a leading multi-channel provider in the sanitary ware in the German retail sector
- The target company operates a leading online store in Germany and is a third generation family-owned business;
- During direct investment, the online store is to be optimized further by the network companies and the company’s growth, particularly in other European countries
- Partially inadequate data as well as its late provision can hinder or delay the development of a decision-making framework and meaningful analyses
- The provided pro forma consolidation is unsuitable from a technical and content-related perspective. Thus, its use for analysis is not possible without extensive revision
- Strong negotiating position on the part of the seller limits the scope for discussion, particularly in determining the facts that are relevant to purchase price
- Aggregation, plausibility check, and analysis of the data provided to determine a detailed understanding of the business model as well as the financial situation
- Pro forma consolidation as well as the development of investor planning at group level, taking acquisition financing into account
- Transparent presentation of the findings in a structured report and publicizing the results
- Active support for the client during the purchase price negotiations
Impairment test for intangible assets at international automotive supplier
According to the German Commercial Code (HGB) and IFRS, regular impairment tests must be carried out for fixed assets to assess the need for impairment losses. As company acquisitions often result in high intangible assets (including goodwill, customer lists, trademark rights, technologies, financial assets, etc.) being recorded in balance sheets, conducting a post-purchase impairment test is of particular importance. Ideally, a stock exchange or market price can be used for this purpose, but in practice, this is only actually observable for such assets in exceptional cases. For this reason, suitable valuation methods must normally be used in determining a fair value for the assets. Proving the sustainability of such assets can be a significant challenge, particularly in difficult economic times.
- Leading international automotive supplier acquires German-American sub-group
- The acquired sub-group prepares financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the German Commercial Code (HGB) while the parent company compiles reports in compliance with the IFRS
- During the purchase price allocation, intangible financial assets (customer base and technologies) were identified and allocated to a specific business area
- Negative income growth and restructuring of the sub-group
- Significant plan/actual deviations and, at the same time, virtually unchanged positive business planning; Planning not prepared at business unit level, no impairment process established
- Impairment test required under HGB (sub-group level) and IFRS (parent company level)
- Analysis of overall planning and defragmentation at business unit level
- Plan/actual analysis and quantification of significant adverse effects outside the affected business area
- Preparation of an indicative business area plan and statement indicating that no negative developments are to be expected for the individual business area taken in isolation
- Conducting an impairment test in accordance with the HGB and IFRS for relevant intangible assets
- Confirmation of the sustainability of the capitalized customer base and the recognized technology assets
Company valuations for several legal entities of a media group in the context of a corporate reorganization
In restructuring proposals, the determination of fair value of individual legal entities is key in the disclosure of hidden reserves. In the reorganization of a media group under company law, the aim is to simplify group interdependencies and intra-group structures. For the purposes of conversion law, two companies in the group are to be valued using the IDW “Principles for the Performance of Business Valuations” Standard (IDW S1). In doing so, an objective value is to be determined and documented by an independent expert. In practice, capitalized income value or discounted cash flow methods are used to determine an objectified company value which is heavily dependent on valuation assumptions such as the likelihood of certain profit determinants, capitalization rate or growth in the going concern phase (terminal value).
- Corporate restructuring of a media group in the area of printed and digital media
- Increasing digitization in the media business leads to major changes in the business model
- Lack of stand-alone and fully integrated planning arrangements at the legal entity level. Alternatively, central profit and loss planning (P&L) at group level where only certain income figures are allocated to specific companies
- Changes to the business model make it difficult to predict future cash flows until a steady level has been reached
- Shortage of local contacts to provide relevant information
- Modular commissioning of objectified company valuations (Step 1: Preparation of Excel-based company valuations; Step 2: Preparation of working documentation; Step 3: Broadening the content of working documentation to include expert opinions according to IDW S1)
- Transfer of management assumptions/plans for the development of the operational business into integrated corporate plans
- Flexible project approach to the implementation of individual modules, working closely with relevant stakeholders
- Preparation of the necessary documentation of company assets which are required for achieving the potential for the strengthening of equity capital
02
RESTRUCTURING
Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) to oversee a corporate restructuring in the automotive supplier industry
- Automotive supplier with headquarters in Germany and more than 16 locations worldwide
- Senior Vice President was asked to set up/lead a PMO for the operational implementation of the restructuring process over 2-3 years
- Support with specialist know-how in particular situations and in the management of various workstreams, particularly for implementation of relocations as well as M&A activities
- A shortage of personnel, control instruments and restructuring expertise
- A partly unavailable and qualitatively inadequate database make it difficult to develop a decision-making framework, prepare meaningful analyses and implementation proposals
- Complex carve-out situations involving several international sites and business units, including the sale of sub-operations as well as departments, taking local legislative requirements into account
- Implementation of reporting standards/processes and participation in the set-up of the global PMO ;
- Expert know-how in financial and operational issues, as well as pragmatic approaches to structured data set processing;
- Project management/reporting tools for planning and monitoring significant savings potential;
- Support in purchase price negotiations and evaluating offers from potential buyers.
Preparation of creditor protection proceedings for a company in the software industry (IDW S9)
Contrary to the widespread stigma surrounding insolvency in Germany, self-administration proceedings offer various advantages for entrepreneurs, employees, and creditors. In particular, the creditor protective shield procedure under Section 270b of the German Insolvency Code (InsO) can increase the chances of a successful and early restructuring under self-administration. The management remains in control of the company during the proceedings under the supervision of a trustee proposed by the company. The necessary preconditions for initiating the protective shield procedure are the existence of over-indebtedness or imminent insolvency and little prospect for a successful restructuring. Both must be certified for the insolvency court by a third party with expertise in restructuring and bankruptcy issues.
- A German subsidiary undergoing restructuring is acquired by a Dutch software company for strategic positioning in the German market
- The turnaround fails due to market disruption and expiring product life cycles in the majority of segments, resulting in a period of loss-making lasting several years
- Smaller sub-segments are profitable and so able to continue as a going concern but the main business units are not
- Continuation only possible through financing provided by the parent company which is to be discontinued in the near future
- The aim is to continue with the profitable business areas and shut down loss-making and non-continuing sub-segments to ensure the company’s future
- Securing the intellectual property of the subsidiary, the exploitation of which may not be controllable in cases of standard insolvency and could potentially be acquired by competitors
- A limited timeframe as it is no longer possible to apply the creditor protective shield procedure if insolvency has already occurred
- Verification of the essential requirements and the preparation of a creditor protective shield certificate according to § 270b InsO and IDW S9 within a very short period of time
- Creating room for manoeuvre within the scope of judicial restructuring led by the management and under the supervision of a trustee proposed by the company
- Establishing contact with a suitable trustee, joint planning for initiating the procedure from a business and legal perspective and preparation of the insolvency application
Insolvency-related advice to a medium-sized producer and trader of fish products
Prompt action is vitally important at times of severe crisis. If the situation worsens to the point of a liquidity crisis, there is little time left to secure the continued existence of a company (section). Targeted actions require a high degree of transparency. The implementation of a Quick Check guarantees rapid results and is the starting point for taking immediate steps to ensure liquidity. In addition, the results of the Quick Check provide important indicators for the ability of the whole or individual parts of the company to continue as a going concern. Supplemented by a 13-week liquidity forecast, this enables target-oriented interim management to lead the company out of the crisis by implementing suitable immediate measures or, if solvency is already unavoidable, to save all parts of the company that can continue as a going concern.
- A medium-sized producer and trader of top quality, high-margin fish products with well-known customers from the retail food sector
- A success story due to generated sales growth as well as high (reported) double-digit EBITDA margins
- Confirmation of missing stocks in the double-digit million range, liquidity situation increasingly strained and not sufficient to purchase missing and urgently needed supplies at short notice
- Acute liquidity crisis and over-indebtedness of a medium-sized fish wholesaler and processor with national and international production facilities
- An exclusively management operational focus leading to the neglect of commercial structures
- Undetected and significant operational losses due to unprofitable product ranges
- Lack of high finance transparency due to a lack of commercial structures (controlling, reporting, inventory control system)
- Implementation of a Quick Check, including identification of unprofitable products
- Implementation of a 13-week liquidity forecast and introducing prompt measures to secure liquidity
- Creation and implementation of a reorganization solution, including a business and liquidity plan
- Management of the company during initial insolvency proceedings, liaising with the preliminary insolvency administrator and preparation for the sale of the company
- Support of the distressed M&A process
Contact
Planning validation and financial toolset for a medium-sized logistics company
Open reporting for shareholders and other stakeholders plays an increasingly important role not only as a company grows in size, but also in special situations that involve increased liquidity requirements. Medium-sized companies in particular often do not have the necessary commercial structures in place in the financial area to ensure proper reporting, either because their successful history did not require the necessary financial and controlling instruments, or because these could not be implemented in parallel due to rapid growth. Adequate controlling and reporting structures must be implemented as a basis for targeted corporate management and to meet the financiers’ reporting requirements. In addition to the ongoing reporting, financiers usually also demand validation of a company’s corporate planning arrangements by an external expert, particularly when additional liquidity is required.
- Logistics and service provider with a national customer and supplier network
- The establishment of a new, high-yield business unit requires additional financing and guarantee volume; reorganization of the historical core business
- A non-transparent organizational group structure with more than ten individual companies that do not form a group under commercial law but are part of an economic unit due to transversal adhesion
- Creditworthiness and credit assessments by the principal bank cannot be carried out properly because the company does not meet reporting requirements satisfactorily or transparently
- Implementation of reporting and consolidation tools to record pro forma group numbers, historical analysis, measure quantification, planning, and liquidity forecasting
- Developing a planning validation process for use in the financing process
- Determination of short- to medium-term funding requirements based on potential Covid-19 scenarios
- Identification of opportunities for short-term liquidity release and cost reduction in response to potential liquidity shortfalls due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic
Valentin Röttger
Senior Manager | Prokurist
Insolvency-related advice: Assessment of existing reasons for initiating bankruptcy proceedings
German law defines insolvency (§ 17 InsO) and over-indebtedness (§ 19 InsO) as two separate elements that oblige management to file for insolvency without culpable hesitation. Continual monitoring of liquidity and over-indebtedness status is an important management task, particularly for companies in economic difficulties, as failure to comply with the requirement to file for insolvency can result in liability and consequences for executive bodies under criminal and liability law. At the same time, having the correct paperwork is critically important so that management can fully exculpate itself in case of doubt.
- Joint takeover of a crisis-ridden medium-sized manufacturer and developer of specialized industrial components by an investor consortium
- Despite positive sales growth, the company's profit situation deteriorates drastically due to the restructuring. When combined with a high level of liquidity tied up in working capital, this leads to a critical liquidity situation
- Uncertainty among shareholders regarding further financing of the company to avert insolvency and over-indebtedness – the management sees the urgent need to review the preparedness for insolvency to monitor the liquidity and over-indebtedness status and to urge shareholders to find a solution to the company's financial situation
- The company has neither integrated corporate planning nor a 13-week liquidity forecast
- Extreme time and action pressures due to a critical liquidity situation
- A lack of baseline data, with the considerable amount of manual data processing greatly increasing time pressures
- Transfer of the existing P&L planning into a fully integrated corporate planning system to ensure technical validity
- Plausibility check of the main planning assumptions
- Short-term implementation of a 13-week liquidity forecast and validation of the planning accuracy of the indirect cash flow statement;
- Summary of the analysis results and assessment of the preparedness for insolvency, assuming that no further financing is provided by the shareholders
- A statement of the short- to medium-term liquidity requirements as a basis for shareholder decision-making
Interim management and insolvency administrator services for a corporate group in the textile industry
During insolvency proceedings, the (provisional) insolvency administrator faces not only legal challenges but also business issues that require considerable commercial and insolvency law expertise. For example, a sound liquidity and income plan must be developed as quickly as possible, taking account of the special features involved in insolvency proceedings. At the same time, measures to secure or increase the assets must be evaluated and operationally implemented. Clarification is needed on the extent to which the whole or individual parts of the affected company can continue to operate and so develop a strategy for further action. While a distressed M&A process often has to be set up in the event of a (partial) ability to continue as a going concern, it is also important to ensure an orderly process in a liquidation scenario. Finally, from the perspective of the insolvency administrator, there is often a requirement for a retrospective determination of the frequency of insolvency cases.
- A traditional company group in the textile sector with a long history of losses due to an inadequate cost structure files for insolvency as shareholders refuse to finance further losses
- Unclear interest, suspicion of dragging out insolvency proceedings
- Resentment among the workforce as two months' salary is already outstanding when the application is filed
- Liquidity situation extremely critical; even insolvency proceedings instruments are not sufficient to ensure continuation in the short term
- A need for a short-term decision on further course of action in the insolvency proceedings (continuation vs. discontinuation of business operations) to avoid the liquidation of insolvency assets
- Interim management as the chief representative of the (preliminary) insolvency administrator, profit and liquidity planning in insolvency proceedings
- Preparation of an expert opinion on the (non-existent) ability of the company to continue as a going concern as a basis for discontinuing business operations
- Successful negotiations with clients regarding the pre-financing of discounted production and maximization of insolvency assets as part of a regulated and gradual liquidation
- Retrospective determination of the frequency of insolvency cases as a basis for appeals and liability claims made by the insolvency administrator
Contact
Restructuring report according to IDW S6
When companies find themselves in a crisis, financiers and other stakeholders usually demand the preparation of a restructuring report (opinion) by a neutral external expert, among other things as a basis for board decisions and in complying with regulatory obligations. The report provides an independent and objective assessment of the company’s ability to be reorganized by analyzing its capability to continue as a growing concern, to compete and generate profit. The focus is on examining the root causes of the crisis and developing a positive and integrated restructuring solution. A restructuring report therefore not only serves as a basis for decision-making by stakeholders but also offers the company’s governing body protection against rescission and liability risks. Consequently, a restructuring appraisal at best provides new room for maneuver and paves the way for a successful reorganization by implementing agreed measures.
- The client is a German textile retail chain that generates operational losses and runs a loss-making network of stores in southern Germany;
- As well as the planning, the expert report also includes the formulation and analysis of already planned optimization and further business model measures.
- A fast-moving crisis and an impending liquidity emergency greatly limit options for action; several creditors are considering calling in loans and credit facilities;
- Inadequate datasets make it difficult to systematically process company figures;
- Unfavourable market prospects for medium-term development of the stationary retail sector;
- Most locations show extremely weak sales area productivity per square metre compared with competitors.
- Preparation of a sound integrated business and 13-week liquidity plan;
- Joint development, quantification and planning of restructuring measures, aimed primarily at increasing sales area productivity per square metre and strengthening a company’s own brands;
- Preparation of an expert restructuring opinion in accordance with IDW S6 which meets the legal requirements of the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) and confirms the company's ability to be restructured;
- Support in financing negotiations, successful refinancing, thus averting insolvency.
03
ADVISORY
Development of a reporting model for the financing of an ICT service provider
During financial negotiations, additional contractual clauses or ancillary agreements (so-called covenants) are concluded between lenders and borrowers. These can be both qualitative and quantitative requirements on the part of the borrower. Depending on the type of obligation, a distinction can be made between general, information and financial covenants. While general covenants cover certain provisions (such as the requirement for lenders to approve the sale of significant assets), information covenants refer to the obligation to provide company information (e.g., quarterly reports). Financial covenants commit companies to comply with specific financial requirements that are used to assess a particular financial issue. A clear statement of covenant figures and a simple structure are of great importance in terms of reporting.
- Investment company with a focus on medium-sized companies that pursues a buy-and-build strategy
- Financing of a portfolio company [industry: ICT and software solutions | annual sales € 32 million] to acquire a national competitor to pursue a buy-and-build strategy
- There is need to implement reporting standards and processes for covenant reporting
- Inconsistent company accounting and reporting structures make it difficult to compare data and accurately calculate covenant ratios
- An acquired company that is still in the integration phase must be included in covenant reporting
- The lack of a standardized reporting toolset that can be used in a timely manner to enable information on a company’s financial status to be clearly and accurately presented in a report to be submitted to financiers
- Standardization of existing reporting structures and the formulation of a clear list of requirements so that the same master reporting tool can be used by all companies
- Automation of the reporting tool with integrated consolidation, commentary and review functions so that individual companies can complete and submit them independently
- An integrated dashboard illustrates key developments, highlights deviations from the plan for important KPIs, and automatically prompts users to comment on specific issues
Integrated Business Planning (IBP)/ Financial model for a corporate group specializing in broadband expansion
In practice, departments within a company often work under different planning assumptions and expectations in terms of developing the operating business. In most cases, there is no common set of figures for overall business planning which brings together company sub-plans holistically within a clearly defined process. This can lead to information being lost and to misjudgements in corporate management which could result in poor strategic decisions being taken. Transparent and consistent planning is of great value to the financial department which is put to the test in special circumstances such as M&A processes or in financial negotiations.
- oup of companies specializing in broadband expansion offering carrier services from a single source to municipalities and end-use customers, from the planning of civil engineering work to the commissioning of high-performance fibre-optic networks
- To realize the company's vision and to cover the resulting financing requirements, majority shares in the company were sold to a financial investor who requested the preparation of a detailed budget and a medium-term planning strategy
- Lack of (reporting) structures/consistent presentation of historical value drivers for deriving planning-relevant key figures (e.g. Ø revenue per customer [ARPU], customer turnover and retention rate, customer lifecycle value, existing vs. new business, etc.)
- Non-uniform auditing system makes it difficult to compare data
- Limited time frame as the IBP is required for the short-term release of the investment budget
- Preparation of an Excel-based financial model using historical value driver analyses developed during on-site workshops, individual analyses and interviews
- Monthly-based planning for the financial year and annually-based planning for subsequent years
- Standardization of the accounting system and alignment of the planning level with existing structures so that monthly budget/actual comparisons can be carried out in a standardized manner
- Establishment of sustainable, standardized processes and data structures in preparation for the digitization of the company group
An opinion on an internationally mechanical engineering company in the context of an enforcement procedure by the FREP
The German Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (FREP) scrutinizes the financial reporting of capital market-oriented companies in the implementation of enforcement procedures in Germany. Its main focus is on the most recently adopted (consolidated) financial statement or management reports and the interim financial reporting of the company concerned. In addition to the ad hoc scrutiny, the FREP proactively conducts regular random audits. Any errors identified (accepted by the company) during the course of the FREP procedure must be disclosed by the company in a public statement.
- The client is an international mechanical engineering company with headquarters in Berlin
- The Group is listed in the Prime Standard of Xetra
- An audit review of the most recently consolidated financial statements and management report was introduced by the FREP as part of their routine enforcement procedures
- FREP auditors have already raised critical issues and are awaiting a further statement from the client on how these concerns are to be addressed
- The FREP procedure is already underway with little or no time to develop the procedure
- Initial queries have already been answered; the FREP's examiners are critical of a number of issues; there is a serious risk that the FREP will find errors
- Audit issues are sometimes very complex and cannot be assessed without using some discretion
- Inadequate audit documentation within the group of companies makes it difficult to present arguments to the FREP (original document clause)
- Immediate start and project structuring at the client's site; set up a client-based project team and review of all available documents
- Conducting interviews with the management and finance departments of the companies involved; ongoing discussions with the group’s finance department
- Assessment of the facts, the development of a convincing set of arguments and preparation of a detailed statement for the FREP
- FREP accepts the arguments made and determines that the audit practice is permissible and that the proceedings can finally be concluded error-free
Accounting and reporting advice: Support in the preparation of annual and consolidated financial statements
German companies are required to prepare annual financial reports and, in certain circumstances, consolidated financial statements under federal commercial law. The German Commercial Code (HGB) and/or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) lay down the accounting principles to be applied in order to obtain a clear picture of the company’s net assets, financial and profit status. In medium-sized and growth companies, there is often little emphasis on annual or consolidated financial statements when business is good. This situation usually changes, e.g. when there is a sudden stronger external focus on financial statements as part of corporate financing or in challenging economic times. Due to a lack of business structures, the preparation of financial statements often poses major challenges because, as well as accounting expertise and experience, suitable processes and a clear understanding of baseline data are required within a short period of time. This is the only way to ensure proper accounting procedures, sometimes by correcting previous auditing errors, and to improve the quality of reporting. This creates transparency and confidence among stakeholders and protects the company’s business management team.
- Rapidly growing group of companies from the fashion and textile industry records negative earnings growth for the first time during COVID-19
- New commercial director and financing banks challenge previous auditing and basic data, want to create transparency, and ensure the accuracy of the accounting
- Internal structures in the finance department did not sustain the rapid operational growth of the past few years and thus provide little reliable data for effective accounting
- Poor quality accounting documentation and presence of glaring auditing errors
- Poorly recorded performance and capital linkages with a large number of related companies
- Tight time pressures due to strict deadlines set by the invested banks
- Review of baseline data, among other things, through a systemic analysis of the audit data to identify anomalies and to amend incorrect entries in the accounting process, working closely with the client
- Review of previous auditing practices, the development and implementation of detailed accounting proposals in the preparation of financial statements, liaising with their auditor
- Sustainable improvements in reporting quality, ensuring the introduction of proper accounting practices, and implementation of the necessary procedures and processes in the client's auditing system